Abstract: Inflammatory diseases are a group of disorders characterized by aberrant activation, chronic persistence, or impaired resolution of inflammatory responses as key pathological features. Current anti-inflammatory drugs are limited by obvious adverse effects after long-term use, a high risk of immunosuppression, relatively narrow therapeutic targets, and substantial interindividual variability in efficacy. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have attracted increasing attention in the intervention of inflammatory diseases owing to their broad availability, good biocompatibility, structural stability, and intrinsic enrichment of diverse bioactive components, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and secondary metabolites. These properties enable PDNVs to participate in inflammatory regulation through multi-target synergistic effects. This review systematically summarizes the compositional characteristics, functional advantages, and research progress of PDNVs in inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, skin inflammation, osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, acute lung injury, and acute kidney injury. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms and translational challenges of PDNVs from different plant sources are discussed, with the aim of providing a reference for in-depth mechanistic studies and preclinical development of PDNVs.