Abstract: Wenpi decoction is a classic prescription published in the Catalogue of Ancient Classic Prescriptions (First Batch). By sorting out and analyzing the ancient and modern literature on Wenpi decoction, the key information of Wenpi decoction in terms of its origin, drug composition, function, dosage, processing, preparation method, decoction method, prescription meaning, main indications, and clinical application was systematically verified. A total of 165 relevant ancient literature data, 114 modern clinical literature, and 66 ancient Chinese medical books were obtained. The inductive analysis found that Wenpi decoction was first seen in the Excerpts of prescriptions of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty included it in the Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency. The current version is based on the Wenpi decoction in Volume 15 of Important Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold Pieces for Emergency, Spleen Heat Dysentery. The formula is composed of rhubarb, ginseng, licorice, dried ginger, and aconite. The medicinal origin follows the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, with raw products of rhubarb, ginseng, and dried ginger, stir fried licorice, and dried aconite slices being used; in terms of drug dosage, rhubarb is 18.40 g, ginseng is 9.20 g, licorice is 9.20 g, dried ginger is 9.20 g, and aconite is 5.00 g; the preparation method is to add 1400 mL of water, decoct 600 mL, and take it warm in 3 times. This prescription was often used in ancient times to treat dysentery, cholera and other diseases. After being developed by doctors in later generations, it is now also used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, renal failure, hypertension, insomnia and other diseases. The above research results can provide a reference for the development and subsequent research of Wenpi decoction.