Abstract: The five spirits in Chinese medicine are stored in the five organs. The heart stores the spirit, the lung the ethereal soul, the liver the corporeal soul, the spleen the reflection, and the kidney the will. The relationship between the five spirits and cognitive function in Chinese medicine is introduced, and through the interpretation of the five spirits and the pathogenic system of cognitive dysfunction, the corresponding treatment plan is established, thus forming a treatment model according to five spirits differentiation for cognitive dysfunction, which provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cognitive dysfunction.