Abstract: Individualized treatment based on syndrome differentiation is a defining feature of clinical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). To adapt to shifts in the disease spectrum and meet modern clinical demands, successive exploratory models—such as disease-syndrome combination and integrated macro-micro syndrome differentiation—could not to fundamentally resolve the core bottleneck inherent in traditional individualized treatment, characterized as “strength in individual cases but weakness in population-level patterns; strength in cross-sectional assessment but weakness in longitudinal insight; and strength in state regulation but weakness in targeted intervention”. The “state-target differentiation and treatment” theory proposed by Professor Tong Xiaolin centers on a dual reconstruction: of the modern TCM diagnostic framework and the modern TCM materia medica system. Through establishing an integrated theoretical framework of “disease–category–stage–state–syndrome–target”, standardizing the full-process clinical pathway of diagnosis–intervention–management–evaluation, and leveraging clinical and basic research to guide targeted drug selection based on extracted population commonalities, the theory systematically accomplishes the pathway reconstruction of the TCM individualized treatment model. This model achieves simultaneous consideration of state regulation and targeted intervention, and harmonizes population commonalities with individual precision, thereby consolidating the theoretical and practical foundation for full-cycle disease prevention and control with TCM and for the explication of TCM modernization.