Research Progress on Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis as Medicinal and Edible Traditional Chinese Medicine
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摘要: 铁皮石斛Dendrobii Officinalis Caulis是具有益胃生津, 滋阴清热之效的药食同源中药。有丰富的化学成分以及药理活性, 具有抗炎、抑菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血压、调节血糖等作用。常作为药膳以及保健品使用, 在药品上也应用广泛, 如石斛夜光丸、复方鲜石斛颗粒等, 具有很高的药用价值和经济价值。通过对铁皮石斛的资源分布、化学成分、药理活性、药食两用产品开发等多个方面进行概述, 对其应用现状进行分析, 为铁皮石斛的可持续发展、药食同源开发和综合利用奠定理论基础。Abstract: Tiepishihu (Dendrobii officinalis Caulis) is a medicinal and food source herbal medicine with the effect of benefiting stomach and promoting fluid, nourishing Yin and clearing heat. It has rich chemical components and pharmacological activities, with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, blood press regulation, hypoglycemic effects. It is not only used as medicinal food and health care products, but also widely used in medicine, such as Shihu Yeguang Wan, Compound fresh dendrobium granules and other drugs, with high medicinal and economic value. This paper summarized the resource distribution, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and medicine and food of Dendrobii officinalis Caulis, and analyzed its application status, laying a theoretical foundation for the sustainable development, medicinal and food homologous development and comprehensive utilization of Dendrobii officinalis Caulis.
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图 1 铁皮石斛中主要的生物碱成分结构
Figure 1. The structure of the main alkaloid components in Dendrobii officinalis Caulis
图 2 铁皮石斛中主要的芪类成分结构
Figure 2. The structure of the main astragalus components in Dendrobii officinalis Caulis
图 3 铁皮石斛中主要的黄酮类成分结构
Figure 3. The structure of main flavonoids in Dendrobii officinalis Caulis
图 4 铁皮石斛专利类型(2002—2023年)
Figure 4. Patent types of Dendrobii officinalis Caulis (2002-2023)
图 5 铁皮石斛专利的不同行业分布情况(2002—2023年)
Figure 5. Distribution of Dendrobii officinalis Caulis patents in different industries (2002-2023)
表 1 铁皮石斛中多糖类化合物结构特征(2020—2023年)
Table 1. Structural characteristics of polysaccharide compounds in Dendrobii officinalis Caulis (2020-2023)
序号 多糖名称 单糖组成(物质的量比) 分子量/Da 药理作用 文献 1 DOP-1 - 3.26×105 抗衰老 [16] 2 PDOP 葡萄糖-甘露糖-半乳糖(0.53∶0.43∶0.04) 1.81×105 免疫调节 [17] 3 DOP EDOP 葡萄糖-甘露糖(1.00∶4.44) 葡萄糖-甘露糖(1.00∶4.76) 1.41×105 2.92×103 对结肠炎的保护作用 [18] 4 DOP-1 DOP-2 甘露糖-葡萄糖(5.18∶1.00) 甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.70∶1.00) 6.80×103 1.43×104 降血糖 [19] 5 DOW-5B 葡萄糖醛酸-葡萄糖(1.20∶19.4) 3.94×104 免疫调节 [20] 6 DOP 葡萄糖-甘露糖(1.00∶4.41) 1.90×105 降血糖 [21] 7 WDOP
ADOP1
ADOP2
ADOP3鼠李糖-甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖(1.00∶168.39∶86.16∶0.22∶0.61∶0.34)
鼠李糖-甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖(1.00∶0.38∶155.00∶2.61∶0.08∶1.51)
鼠李糖-甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖(1.00∶1.00∶165.15∶12.33∶4.83∶14.31)
鼠李糖-甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖(1.00∶0.17∶4.27∶2.60∶3.21∶3.05)- - [22] 8 DOP 甘露糖-葡萄糖(6.90∶1.00) 3.12×105 抗肿瘤 [23] 9 DOPS-1 甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖醛酸(3.20∶1.30∶1.00) 1.53×106 抗肿瘤 [24] 10 DOP-w
DOP-p甘露糖-鼠李糖-核糖-半乳糖醛酸-葡萄糖醛酸-N-乙酰-氨基葡萄糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖-岩藻糖(12.68∶0.12∶0.10∶0.12∶0.08∶0.43∶12.01∶0.83∶0.29∶0.38∶0.16)
甘露糖-核糖-鼠李糖-葡萄糖醛酸-半乳糖醛酸-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖-岩藻糖(17.86∶0.02∶0.01∶0.81∶0.30∶10.42∶0.20∶0.03∶0.22∶0.14)- 抗氧化 [25] 11 DOP 甘露糖-葡萄糖(1.00∶3.52) 1.25×106 抗衰老 [26] 12 DOP-Z
DOP-Y
DOP-A
DOP-G甘露糖-葡萄糖(3.85∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(5.55∶1.00)
葡萄糖-甘露糖(6.02∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(2.53∶1.00)2.46×105
1.59×105
2.20×105
7.90×104降脂 [27] 13 DOP 甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.47∶1.00) 8.03×104 免疫调节 [28] 14 DOP 甘露糖-葡萄糖(3.45∶1.00) - 预防糖尿病 [29] 15 DOPs
DOPS-1葡萄糖-甘露糖(1.00∶5.78)
甘露糖-葡萄糖-半乳糖醛酸(3.20∶1.30∶1.00)4.56×103
1.53×106神经保护 [30] 16 DP 甘露糖-核糖-鼠李糖-葡萄糖醛-半乳糖醛酸-葡萄糖-半乳糖-木糖-阿拉伯糖-岩藻糖(18.68∶0.24∶0.60∶0.62∶1.29∶56.24∶3.67∶0.64∶0.77∶0.07) 3.12×105 神经保护 [31] 17 EPDO-40
EPDO-60
EPDO-80甘露糖-葡萄糖(2.60∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.00∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(2.00∶1.00)4.53×105
2.77×105
5.36×104抗疲劳 [32] 18 DOP 甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.20∶1.00) 8.25×105 酒精性胃黏膜和肝损伤的预防和保护作用 [33] 19 DOP-1
DOP-2
DOP-3鼠李糖-半乳糖-葡萄糖-甘露糖(0.73∶1∶18∶27)
鼠李糖-半乳糖-葡萄糖-甘露糖(0.56∶1.00∶0.33∶0.29)- 免疫调节 [34] 20 DOP
DOP-30
DOP-60
DOP-150甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.30∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.20∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.30∶1.00)
甘露糖-葡萄糖(4.20∶1.00)5.44×105
2.74×105
1.20×105
1.20×105免疫调节 [35] 21 DOP
DOP-40
DOP-60
DOP-80- 7.02×105
1.30×106
8.40×105
5.86×105抗氧化、降血糖 [36] 
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表 3 铁皮石斛中的主要芪类化合物
Table 3. The main astragalus compounds in Dendrobii officinalis Caulis
序号 化合物名称 药理作用 文献 序号 化合物名称 药理作用 文献 33 铁皮石斛素A 抗肿瘤 [55] 43 Dendrobibenzyl 降低胆固醇 [58] 34 铁皮石斛素B 抑制NO生成 [55] 44 鼓槌联苄 抗肿瘤 [58] 35 铁皮石斛素C 抗氧化 [55] 45 鼓槌石斛素 抗菌 [58] 36 铁皮石斛素D 抗氧化 [55] 46 Dendrocanol 降低胆固醇 [58] 37 Dendromoniliside E 免疫调节 [55] 47 Densiflorol A - [59] 38 毛兰素 抗肿瘤 [56] 48 石斛酚 抗炎 [59] 39 二氢白黎芦醇 抗炎、改善糖尿病 [55] 49 铁皮石斛素Y 抗氧化 [60] 40 鼓槌菲 抗肿瘤 [56] 50 Crepidatin 对急性肺损伤的保护作用 [60] 41 毛兰菲 抗肿瘤 [57] 51 铁皮石斛素X - [61] 42 4-甲氧基菲-2, 5-二醇 胰脂肪酶的抑制作用 [57]
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表 4 石斛中主要的黄酮类化合物
Table 4. The main flavonoids in Caulis Dendrobii
序号 化合物名称 药理作用 文献 序号 化合物名称 药理作用 文献 52 柚皮素 抗肿瘤 [65] 61 新西兰牡荆苷Ⅰ 抗癌、抗氧化 [68] 53 槲皮素 降血压、降血脂、降血糖、抗炎等 [65] 62 夏佛塔苷 抗炎、免疫调节 [69] 54 芹菜素 免疫调节 [65] 63 异夏佛塔苷 抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护 [69] 55 异鼠李素 心脑血管保护、抗肿瘤、抗炎 [65] 64 佛莱心苷 抗胆碱酯酶活性 [68] 56 圣草酚 抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、神经保护 [65] 65 异佛莱心苷 抗癌 [68] 57 紫杉叶素 抗肿瘤、抗炎 [65] 66 金丝桃苷 抗炎、抗抑郁和抗癌 [65] 58 芦丁 抗炎、抗氧化 [65] 67 异槲皮苷 抗癌、抗氧化、改善糖尿病和过敏反应 [65] 59 金圣草黄素 抗癌、抗炎、抗菌、抗真菌、神经保护 [65] 68 芹菜素-6-C-α-L-鼠李糖-8-C-β-D-异鼠李糖 抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性 [70] 60 新西兰牡荆苷Ⅱ 抗肿瘤、抗氧化 [68]
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表 5 含铁皮石斛常用复方制剂
Table 5. Common compound preparations containing Dendrobii officinalis Caulis
名称 处方来源 处方组成 功效 主治 养阴口香合剂 苗医古方 石斛(鲜)、朱砂根、茵陈、龙胆、黄芩、蓝布正、麦冬、天冬、枇杷叶、黄精、生地黄、枳壳 清胃泻火, 滋阴生津, 行气消积 胃热津亏, 阴虚郁热上蒸所致的口臭, 齿龈肿痛, 咽干口苦, 胃灼热痛, 肠燥便秘 清胃消渴胶囊 《国家中成药标准汇编内科气血津液分册》 石膏、玄参、地黄、麦冬、石斛、知母、天花粉、枸杞子、山药、玉竹、乌梅、黄连 清胃泻火, 养阴润燥 多食善饥, 形体逐渐消瘦, 兼有口渴多尿, 大便干燥 脉络宁注射液 《江苏省药品标准》 金银花、牛膝、石斛、玄参 清热养阴, 活血化瘀 血栓闭塞性脉管炎, 静脉血栓形成, 动脉硬化性闭塞症, 脑血栓形成及后遗症等 复方鲜石斛颗粒 《药品标准》中药成方制剂第十五册 鲜石斛、葛根、三七 滋阴养胃, 清热解酒, 生津止渴 胃阴不足, 口干咽燥, 酒后津枯虚热, 酒醉烦渴等 石斛明目丸 《北京市中成药规范》 石斛、青葙子、决明子(炒)、蒺藜(去刺盐制)、地黄、熟地黄、枸杞子、菟丝子、肉苁蓉(酒炙)、人参、山药、茯苓、天冬、麦冬、五味子(醋炙)、甘草、枳壳(麸炒)、菊花、防风、黄连、牛膝、川芎、苦杏仁、石膏、磁石(煅醋淬)、水牛角浓缩粉 平肝清热, 滋肾明目 肝肾两亏, 虚火上升引起的瞳孔散大，夜盲昏花, 视物不清, 内障抽痛, 头目眩晕, 精神疲倦
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表 6 含铁皮石斛常用保健品
Table 6. Common health products containing Dendrobii officinalis Caulis
产品名称 主要原料 保健功能 批准文号 石兰牌铁皮石斛绞股蓝胶囊 绞股蓝、铁皮石斛 增强免疫力、缓解体力疲劳 国食健注
G20041158济公缘牌铁皮枫斗西洋参枸杞颗粒 铁皮枫斗、西洋参、枸杞子 增强免疫力、缓解体力疲劳 国食健注
G20050520济公缘牌铁皮石斛西洋参浸膏 石斛、西洋参 增强免疫力 国食健注
G20100554雷允上牌铁皮石斛葛根西洋参片 葛根提取物、铁皮石斛(经辐照)、西洋参提取物 增强免疫力、对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护功能 国食健注
G20110487国草牌铁皮石斛枸杞白芍饮品 鲜铁皮石斛、枸杞子、白芍、白术、铁皮石斛、甘草 增强免疫力 国食健注
G20140080久丽康源铁皮石斛西洋参淫羊藿酒 黄精、铁皮石斛、淫羊藿、马鹿茸、西洋参 缓解体力疲劳 国食健注
G20150498威门牌铁皮石斛西洋参牛磺酸口服液 铁皮石斛、西洋参、牛磺酸 增强免疫力、缓解体力疲劳 国食健注
G20150984颐兴堂牌铁皮石斛黄芪咀嚼片 铁皮石斛冻干粉、黄芪提取物 增强免疫力 国食健注
G20200287太一草牌铁皮石斛粉 铁皮石斛 增强免疫力 国食健注
G20210127莲洲牌铁皮石斛党参颗粒 白芍、党参、佛手、铁皮石斛、甘草 对胃黏膜损伤有辅助保护功能 国食健注
G20220056依源牌铁皮石斛葛根枳椇子胶囊 葛根、枳椇子、铁皮石斛、甘露醇 对化学性肝损伤有辅助保护功能 国食健注
G20230364天目山牌铁皮石斛含片 石斛、西洋参、薄荷脑 清咽润喉 国食健字
G20040437森山牌铁皮枫斗葆真片 石斛、麦门冬、玉竹、北沙参、淀粉等 延缓衰老 国食健字
G20041492济公缘牌铁皮石斛西洋参玛咖软胶囊 淫羊藿、玛咖粉、西洋参、铁皮石斛 增强免疫力 国食健注
G20230343
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